《资本论》关于社会总资本再生产的双约束

Double Restraints of Das Kapital Concerning the Reproduction of General Societal Capital

马克思在《资本论》第二卷论述了社会总资本的再生产问题,在论述社会总资本再生产的平衡条件时,假定产品按照它们的价值交换,生产资本的组成部分不发生价值革命,不变资本全部转移到年产品中,联系到《资本论》第三卷第二篇中价值转化为生产价格的相关论述,这些假定中的个别假定必须放开,在此前提下再探讨社会总资本的平衡问题,从前后联系的观点来看,马克思实际上论述了社会总资本再生产的约束条件问题。其中等量资本要求获得等量利润这一约束为"硬约束",社会总资本再生产运动中的价值补偿和物质补偿这一约束为"软约束"。纵观社会总资本再生产的两个约束条件,第一约束条件即等量资本要求获得等量利润是资本主义生产方式的特殊性质和内在规律;第二约束条件即社会总资本再生产运动中的价值补偿和物质补偿是在第一约束条件的基础上展开的,它在正常情况下得不到满足,而只有在极端假设情况下才有可能得到满足,这也就等于说在资本主义生产方式下社会总资本再生产的不平衡是必然的,而平衡则是偶然的。

Marx discusses the reproduction of general societal capital in Volume Two of Das Kapital.In regard to the equilibrium conditions of general societal capital reproduction,assuming commodities are exchanged for their values,there being no value revolution with the composition of production capital and constant capital all transferred to annual product.With reference to a relevant theory concerning value converting to production price in Das Kapital Volume Three Chapter Two,these individual hypotheses among these assumptions must be open ones and on this basis to discuss the equilibrium issues of general societal capital reproduction.One restraint,equivalent capital requiring equivalent profits,is a ＂hard restraint＂.Another,value compensation and material compensation in general societal capital reproduction,is a ＂soft restraint＂.Reviewing these two restraints of general societal capital reproduction,the former is the special nature and an inherent law of capitalist production,the latter develops on the basis of the former.According to the discussion above,the second condition cannot be met in normal supposition but can only be met in extreme supposition,and the equilibrium is only temporary accident.