高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米光合特性的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Schemes on Spring Maize(Zea mays L.) Photosynthetic Characteristics under Hyper-yield Cultivation

[目的]研究高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米(Zea mays L.)光合特性的影响。[方法]以金山27为供试玉米品种,2009～2010年在西辽河平原研究了高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米群体光合特性的影响。[结果]不同氮肥运筹下春玉米净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力随生育期的推移均呈先升后降的变化趋势,各指标均在吐丝期达到最大值。不同生育时期,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和单株光合能力均表现为Opt N处理最高,CK最低,其他处理介于二者之间。各处理瞬时光能利用率和瞬时水分利用率均随生育期的推移呈持续上升趋势,瞬时光能利用率随生育期的推移不同处理间差异增加,瞬时水分利用率处理间的差异在各生育时期变化不大。瞬时光能利用率和瞬时水分利用率均表现为Opt N处理下最高,CK最低。2年的产量结果均以Opt N处理最高,130%Opt N处理次之,CK最低。不同处理下,产量与各生育时期的净光合速率的相关性均达到极显著水平,与单株光合能力、瞬时光能利用率的相关性达到了显著或极显著水平。[结论]Opt N处理(优化施氮300 kg/hm2,种肥、拔节肥、大喇叭口肥按1∶3∶6施用)是试验地区超高产玉米栽培适宜的氮肥管理模式。

[Objective]The aim was to study the effects of nitrogen application schemes on spring maize photosynthetic characteristics under hyper-yield cultivation.[Method]Jinshan 27 was used as material to study the influences of nitrogen application schemes on spring maize photosynthetic characteristics under hyper-yield cultivation in Xiliao river plain in 2009-2010.[Result]The results showed that under different N-fertilizer treatments,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity per plant of maize with the lapse of the growth period appeared increasing first and decreasing afterwards that at silking stage reached the maximum of each index.Net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity in plant treated with the Opt N condition were the highest,those of CK were the lowest and the others were between them at different growth stages.The instantaneous solar use efficiency and the instantaneous water use efficiency of appeared increasing with the lapse of the growth period,and the instantaneous solar use efficiency difference among different treatments increased with the lapse of the growth period,while the instantaneous water use efficiency of difference among different treatments changed a little with the lapse of the growth period.The instantaneous solar use efficiency and the instantaneous water use efficiency of maize treated with the Opt N condition were the highest,those of CK were the lowest.The yield of maize treated with the Opt N condition in two years were the highest,that of treated with 130% Opt N condition was the second,that of CK was the lowest.The correlation between yield and transpiration rate under different treatments in all lapse of the growth period had a very significant difference,and it had significant or very significant correlation with the single photosynthetic capacity and the instantaneous solar use efficiency.[Conclusion]The treatment of Opt N（The optimized nitrogen fertilizer was 300 kg / hm2,and the ratio of the seed fertilizer,the jointing fertilizer and the big bell mouth fertilizer was 1∶3∶6） is a suitable nitrogen fertilizer management mode for maize super high yield production in test area.