东汉诏除郎初探——以荫任除郎与上计拜郎为中心

A Preliminary Study on Lang Appointed by Emperor's Edict in the Eastern Han Dynasty——Focus on Lang from Higher Officers' Kindred and Reporters of Local Governments

诏除郎是在制度规定的拜郎之外,由皇帝临时特诏拜除的郎官。东汉官吏荫任子弟为郎非硬性规定的例拜,而是由于皇帝临时性的恩拜或特诏拜除,与西汉的任子制有异;皇帝从上计吏中拜郎与否,也全凭自己一时之兴,"一切之诏",没有一个制度化的规定存在。因而东汉的荫任除郎与计吏拜郎均为诏除郎。诏除郎体现了皇权在郎官外朝化过程中力图保持郎官家臣性质的努力,它的存在使三署中形成了诏除郎与孝廉郎的区分,其背后的根源则来自于皇权与官僚政治的博弈。

The Lang（Minister） Appointed by Emperor＇s Edict（LAEE）,which involves Lang from higher officers＇ kindred and reporters to royal court of local governments in the Eastern Han Dynasty,is beyond the bureaucratic system but from the Emperor＇s interim decision.The bureaucratization of the Lang makes the LAEE and the Lang of Xiaolian in formation in central government offices,while the game of the Emperor＇s power and the bureaucratic is the real source of the LAEE.