现代本质主义的逻辑基础与哲学意蕴

The Logical Basis and Philosophical Implications of Modern Essentialism

现代分析哲学家致力于意义的分析，力图通过对语言的分析使哲学科学化。以罗素和逻辑实证主义为代表的前期分析哲学家拒斥一切形而上学，所有导致本质主义的学说均被他们宣布为虚妄。但到了20世纪后半期、特别是70年代之后，为解决现代模态逻辑难题而创建的可能世界语义学（又称“克里普克语义学”），为本质主义在分析哲学中的复活提供了可能。“可及关系”与“可能世界”是该语义学的核心概念；克里普克以这些逻辑概念为工具，提出了影响重大的哲学理论。

The logical basis of Kripke's modern essentialism is possible world semantics which is centered on the notions of possible world and accessibility relation.On the basis of our understandings of Kripke's moderate realism on possible worlds,the thought of 'possible worlds are logically of equal right' can be derived.With this thought as framework,the distinction of actual(broadly physical) necessity and logical necessity can be grasped from the distinction of actual(broadly physical) accessibility relation and logical accessibility relation.What Kripke's essentialism can characterize is the essence of individuals in the sense of logical necessity,but it does not discuss the essence of human as a kind and the social origin of individual human being,it does not pay due attention to how to characterize actual necessity,and it does not distinguish the way to characterize natural kinds' essence from the way to characterize individuals' essence.