5Louise DO, Mary FK. Need critical care nurses use preceptors to orient your facility's nurse to critical care[J ]. Nurse Management, 2003,31(3) :44 - 46.
6梅人朗 陈刚 杨益.医学教育全球标准[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2004..
7Bicher, R. F& Snowman, J. Psychology Applied to Teaching[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
8Wenden A L. Metacognitive Knowledge and Language Learning[J]. Applied Linguistics, 1998,4:515-537.
2American Association of Colleage of Nursing.The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional marsing practice [M].Washington Dc, 1998.27-30.
3Gander G.Report to Australian nursing and mid-wifery council:Nurse practitioner standards project.Australia:qaeensl and university of technology,2004.15-38.
4Ball D L, Cohen D K. Developing practice, developing prac- titioners:Toward a practice - based theory of professional education. In L. Darling - Hammond & G. Sykes [ J ]. Teaching as the learning profession: Handbook of policy and practice. San Francisco. CA: Jossey - Bass, 1999 (6) :3 - 32.
5Gick M L, Holyoak K J. The cognitive basis of knowledge transfer. In S. M. Cormier & J. D. Hagman [ J ]. Transfer of learning: Contemporary research and applications San Diego, CA: Academic,1997(12) : 9 -46.
6Pierce J W, Lange H G. Providing stucture for analyzing authentic problems. In B. B. Levin [ J]. Energizing teach- er education and professional development with pro - blem -based learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Super- vision and Curriculum Development, 2001 (15) : 38 -55.