突发事件应对中的最大保护原则——以公开劫持人质事件处置为例

Principle of Maximum Protection in Emergency Response——Taking Case of Public Hostage Rescue as Example

突发事件应对措施的设定和实施,特别是在以公开劫持人质事件处置为例的社会安全事件处置中,面临着谨守最小侵害原则或强调最大保护原则的选择难题。《突发事件应对法》第11条第1款所规定的最大保护原则是在谨守最小侵害原则无法回应实践需求的情况下,对措施妥当性提出的更高标准。突发事件应对措施本身的实质合法性调低对侵害性的要求,遵循侵害与危害相适应的原则。但是,最小侵害原则仍然在特定的情境下适用。突发事件应对中对最大保护原则的适用需要受到动态评估和检视,同时需要与最小侵害原则、侵害相当原则结合评价措施本身的实质合法性,此外还应受到均衡原则的平衡和制约。这一原则,规范突发事件应对措施的具体实施,在制定应急处置预案或者设定具体措施及其裁量基准时也应得到遵循。

The enactment and enforcement of emergency response measures, especially in the case of hostage rescue in public social security incident disposition, is in a dilemma of strict compliance with the minimum infringement principle or emphasis of the maximum protection principle. The maximum protection principle, being stipulated by the article 11 （1） of the Emergency Response Law of the People＇s Republic of China, is a higher standard of the appropriation of measures while the minimum infringement principle can not respond to practical needs. The infringement standard is reduced for the substantial legitimacy of the emergency response measure itself, following the principle of suiting the infringement to the damage. Nevertheless, the minimum infringement principle is still applied to some specific situations. The application of the maximum protection principle is evaluated by dynamic assessment and review and so does its substantial legitimacy by principles of minimum infringement and suitable infringement. Additionally, it should also be checked and balanced by the principle of balance. Conclusively, this principle, regulating the enforcement of emergency response measures, should also be followed in the set up of emergency response preparedness, specific measures and its discretionary standard.