城市危险源爆炸灾害应急损失评估研究

On the emergency damage assessment of the urban hazardous disasters caused by accidental explosion

采用冲击波伤害-破坏超压准则,首先确定了不同当量TNT炸药爆炸引起的人员伤害区域和建筑物破坏区域;再通过确定危险物爆炸所产生热量值的大小,将各种危险物料转化为相应当量的TNT炸药,可用于评估各种不同危险物料爆炸所造成的损失。同时,结合GIS软件平台,编制了爆炸灾害评估模拟程序。在软件平台中以图形的形式给出了设定条件下人员伤害区域及建筑物破坏区域的范围,根据区域内的人员分布和建筑物造价、财产多少,给出了定量的人员伤亡和经济损失应急评估。

The transportation and storing of explosive hazardous materials in the urban area is inevitably related with the disasters of explosion.In this paper,we would like to explore ways for evaluating the human casualties and material losses that are caused by different explosives.As is known,once an explosion occurs,the shock wave overpressure turns to be usually much greater at the epic enter than those in the surrounding areas.And,consequently,human casualty and material damage likely to bring both to the working staff and surrounding const ructions would be inevitably desastrous.First of all,let us imagine that,if a 1 000 kg TNT explosive is supposed to be used as the standard,the shock wave o v erpressure could be blown up at the different points distant from the explosion epicenter.According to the equation of shock wave overpressure strength,the re gion of human casualty and building damage can be worked out very easily.Second ly,according to the conversion formula,the value of shock wave overpressure of different equivalents to TNT can be determined.And,finally,various hazardous materials in the area would be easily converted to the ruin of the correspondin g TNT explosives by the heat waves.In order to gain more objective and accurate disastrous assessment results,we have adopted the GIS software platform to car ry out the visual simulated assessment of the explosion hazards.For this purpos e,we have developed a dynamic expansion program to calculate the numerical mode l,and then put the results of calculation back to GIS software platform,and th en transform the graphical data into digital form for analysis and display.Usin g GIS spatial analysis function,we can calculate the range of human casualty an d material damage in a graphical form in the software platform.According to the statistics of the personnel distribution,the building cost and property loss i n the suffered region,it won＇t take any trouble to work out the emergency asses sment of quantitative casualties and economic loss and in turn to provide an eff ective guide for the assessment of disaster prevention and fighting against.