社会史视野下的“文化大革命”研究

Studies on the "Cultural Revolution" from the Perspective of Social History

国内外学界对"文化大革命"的认知,是随着研究理念的不断创新和各种史料的不断涌现而逐步深入的。在20世纪七八十年代,一批西方学者借鉴了社会科学的理论与方法,将"文化大革命"研究的重点从精英政治转向群众运动。由于这种研究受主观预设、抽样方法和样本容量等因素的限制,他们提出的"社会冲突理论"存在着明显的偏误。本文基于南京地区"文化大革命"运动的实证研究,深入地探讨了当地群众运动的起源、群众派性认同的形成以及群众派性斗争持续存在的动力等问题,对"社会冲突理论"的一些结论提出批评和质疑,并试图对"文化大革命"运动本身作出新的整体性反思。

Chinese and foreign scholars have gradually deepened their understanding of the ＂Cultural Revolution＂ with the continuous innovation of research ideas and the steady discovery of historical data. In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of Western scholars drew on the theories and methods of social science and shifted the focus of re- search on the ＂Cultural Revolution＂ from elite politics to mass movement. As this research approach is restrained by several factors such as subjective presuppositions, sampling methods and sample size, the ＂theory of social conflict＂ proposed by them has obvious biases and errors. Based on empirical analyses of the movement of ＂Cul- tural Revolution＂ in Nanjing, this article makes in-depth explorations of the origins of the local mass movements, the formation of factionalism identification of the masses and the impetus behind persistent mass factional struggles and levels criticism and queries at some conclusions reached by the ＂theory of social conflict. ＂ On this basis, the article tries to make new integrated reflections on the ＂Cultural Revolution＂ movement itself.