单名与双名:汉晋南方人名的变迁及其意义

Single-and Double-character Names:Changes of Nomenclature in Southern China during the Han and Jin Dynasties and Their Significance

东汉人名呈现出明显的分层,上层人名是单名,底层人名单名、双名并存。这种情况亦存在于南方的巴蜀、吴越地区。在这种背景下观察,长沙走马楼吴简整齐的单名引人瞩目。楚秦至西汉前期,楚地编户民同样单名、双名并存,且具有显著的俚俗色彩。走马楼吴简整齐单名的形成,应是东汉时期长沙等郡大规模编户化过程中新附人口户籍登录整齐化的结果。东晋以后,受到民间口语习惯和信仰心理的影响,南方上层带有"之"、"道"等虚字的双名逐渐兴起。单名惯例一旦突破,双名命名方式会进一步发展,最显著的是双名的"字化"。在此过程中,一些体现上层理念的双名用字反过来又影响到底层人名。汉晋时期南方人名中单名、双名变化的背后,是华夏文化对南方社会的持续影响。

The given names of people in the Eastern Han dynasty showed distinctive social stratification,with people in the upper strata using single character given names and those in the lower strata using single-or double-character names.This situation also applied to the Ba,Shu, Wu and Yue areas.In this context,the neat single-character given names in the Wu bamboo slips excavated in Zoumalou,Changsha,are very striking.From the state of Chu to the Qin and early Western Han dynasties,given names recorded in the household registers of the Chu region were likewise single or double characters and had a distinctly rustic air.The given names neatly recorded on these bamboo slips should be ascribed to the process of registering new households in a uniform way in the course of the large-scale population registration in Changsha and other commanderies under the Eastern Han.From the Eastern Jin dynasty on,the upper classes in South China,under the influence of colloquial speech and religious psychology,gradually took names incorporatingempty words'such as zhī (之),dào(道),etc.Once the convention of using a single character was broken,the double-character name developed further.The clearest change is that such names gradually became courtesy names or styles.In this process,somedouble-character names reflecting upper class concepts in turn influenced the names taken by the lower levels of society.Underlying the changes in the single-and double-character names of southerners during the Han and Jin dynasties is the continuous influence of Huaxia culture on southern society.