关于摹状词和专名的指称问题——从语境论的角度看

On the Problem of Reference of Description and Name: From the Point of View of Contextualism

摹状词和名称的指称功能是密切相关的,并且对语境有着严重的依赖性。语境分为世界语境、认同语境和交流语境。在世界语境中,摹状词和名称间接地指称对象,实现其指谓功能。在认同语境中,一个名称通过开放的簇摹状词直接地指称对象,实现其指示功能。指谓和指示统称为"指称",指称是主词的功能。在交流语境中,摹状词和名称一般是直接指称对象的,因而具有指示功能;但在两种特殊情况下具有归属功能,而归属功能本质上是谓词的功能。开放的簇摹状词不具有描述的功能,而是展开为因果历史链条,为名称直接指称对象提供一个具体的动态语境即认同语境。世界语境则是较为抽象的静态语境。交流语境在本质是一种实指语境。相对于不同的语境,名称和摹状词分别体现出不同的功能。

The referential function of names is closely related to descriptions and depends greatly on context. Context can be divided into world-contexts, identifying contexts and communicational contexts. In a world-context, a name refers to an object indirectly through a finite number of descriptions to realize its denoting function. In an identifying context, it refers to an object directly through open cluster descriptions to realize its designating function. Both denotation and designation are called 'reference' which is the function of a subject. In a communicational context, when a name is wrongly used, it could have the attributive function which is also function of a predicate by nature. Open cluster descriptions do not have descriptive function but unfold as a causal-historical chain and provide a specific and dynamic context, namely an identifying context, for a name referring to an object directly. A world-context is a comparatively abstract and static context. A communicational context is an ostensive context in nature. In different contexts, a name and description embodies different functions respectively.