中国内陆天然湿地的类型特征及分布规律-Ⅰ类的划分

An integrated orderly classification system of natural wetland and its application in China

在综述前人湿地分类方法的基础上,提出了湿地分类应遵循的6条原则,借鉴任继周等提出的草原综合顺序分类法,并依上述原则,提出了依照生物气候-湿地基底物质结构-植被的我国内陆天然湿地的综合顺序分类方法。内陆天然湿地综合顺序分类法第一级为类,分类指标是积水深度和>0℃的年积温(∑θ)。积水深度和>0℃的年积温(∑θ)是量化的指标,利用这2个指标将我国天然湿地分为21个类,并得到湿地类别的检索图。第二级———亚类的划分,以湿地基底物质结构作为指标;第三级———型的划分,以植被类型作为指标,分为挺水型、浮叶型、沉水型以及漂浮型。对我国的天然湿地依照生物气候等指标进行类的划分,结果表明,寒冷浅水类(ⅠB)、微温浅水类(ⅢB)、寒温浅水类(ⅡB)、寒冷深水类(ⅠA)和暖温浅水类(ⅣB)是我国分布面积最广的5个湿地类型,占我国内陆天然湿地总面积的79.75%,主要分布在青海、西藏、新疆、甘肃、四川、内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江;而暖热浅水类(ⅤB)、炎热浅水类(ⅦB)、炎热深水类(ⅦA)、亚热浅水类(ⅥB)、寒温深水类(ⅡA)是我国分布面积最小的5个内陆天然湿地类型,分布在安徽、湖北、云南、广东、广西、海南、贵州、青海,仅占我国内陆天然湿地总面积的0.83%。我国现有内陆天然湿地占湿地综合顺序法中21类的20类,炎热季节性类(ⅦC)在我国无分布。由于湿地综合顺序分类法检索图充分体现了天然湿地各个类之间的发生学关系,从而为在全球气候暖干化的背景下,预测未来天然湿地类的演替奠定了基础。

Based on previous research on classification methods, this paper raises 6 principles that the classification system should obey. Drawing lessons from the comprehensive and sequential classification system of grassland （CSCS） proposed by Ren Ji-zhou et al, we suggest an integrated orderly classification system of natural wetland （IOCSNW） based on bioclimate-basement materialvegetation. The first level of the IOCSNW is class, and the classification indicators are depth of stagnant water and the years accumulated temperature above 0℃ （∑θ） - these are quantified indicators. The second level is subclass, and the indicator is the basement material. The third level is type： emerging type, floating leaf type, submerged type, and floating type. According to bioclimatic and other indicators, the IOCSNW recognizes 21 wetland classes. The five largest areas of the wetlands classes are the frigid and shallow surface water wetland class （ I B）, cool temperate and shallow surface water wetland class （ III B）, cold temperate and shallow surface water wetland class （ II B）, frigid and deep surface water wetland class （ I A） and warm temperate and shallow surface water wetland class （IV B）. They occupy 79.75% of natural inland wetlands of China. These classes are distributed in the provinces of Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Heilongjiang. While the warm and shallow surface water wetland class （V B）, tropical and shallow surface water wetland class （I B）, tropical and deep surface water wetland class （IA）, subtropical and shallow surface water wetland class （VI B）, and cold temperate and deep surface water wetland class （ II A） are the smallest classes in area （they occupy only 0.83% of the total area） and are distributed in the provinces of Anhui, Hubei, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou and Qinghai. Twenty of the 21 classes occur in China since our data shows no wetlands of the tropical and seasonality surface water wetland class （IC）. Since the retrieval graph of the wetlands adequately embodies the genetic relationship of the natural inland wetlands, it lays the foundation to predict the succession of natural wetlands classes in a background of global warming and drying.