环境健康风险评价中的行为活动模式暴露参数

Exposure Factors of Activity Patterns in Environmental Health Risk Assessment

由于人类活动影响环境污染暴露的时间、地点和程度，因此行为活动模式参数在暴露评价中起到关键作用。综述显示，20世纪80年代末美国加州空气资源局进行了全州的活动模式研究，在90年代中期开展了国家人类活动模式调查（NHAPs）。NHAPS为期2年，是规模最大的与暴露有关的美国人类活动的电话调查（n=9386）。NHAPS的主要目的是提供当前全面的广阔地域和时间尺度的暴露信息，特别用于人群暴露概率模型。NHAPS从1992年9月下旬至1994年9月间每天进行日常调查，通过马里兰大学调查研究中心采用计算机辅助电话调查系统（CATI）收集受访者24h回顾日记和与暴露相关的个人问题的回答。由此产生的日记记录包含每个日记活动发生的时间和位置（即微环境）不同组合的开始和结束时间。48个州的340。1713名各年龄段受访者接受了采访。接受采访的家庭有63％完成了采访。NHAPS结果显示受访者平均花费87％的时间在封闭建筑物里，6％的时间在封闭车厢内。这些比例对于美国加州和加拿大不同地区人口是相对一致的。在比较国内外行为活动模式参数的基础上，该文提出我国今后在活动模式参数研究和发展方面的建议。

Because human activities impact the time, location and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. In the end of 1980＇s, the California Air Resources Board sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and in the mid-1990＇s, NHAPS was conducted. NHAPS （the National Human Activity Pattern Survey） is the largest of these recent efforts, a two-year probability-based telephone survey （n=9 386） of exposure-related human activities in the United States. The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland＇s Survey Research Center using a computerassisted telephone interview instrument （CATI） to collect 24-hour retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day （i.e., each microenvironment）. Between 340 and 1 713 respondents of all ages were interviewed across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the United States and Canada and for the California population. By comparing the activities of behavior model parameters domestic and international, the parameters of activities model of the proposed research and development among Chinese population in future was proposed.