生物炭在农业增产和污染治理中的应用

The Application of Biochar to Improving Agricultural Production and Pollution Abatement

生物炭(biochar)作为重要的碳汇、土壤重要的改良剂以及污染物有效地吸附剂受到了国内外研究人员的普遍关注。在阅读近几年国内外关于生物炭在农业增产和污染方面文献的基础上,作者总结了生物炭应用规律并提出一些未来研究的展望。表述如下:生物炭具有多孔性和巨大的表面积,它能够增加土壤的持水量、增加对营养元素的吸附以减少其流失并改善土壤的结构,此外生物炭本身含有丰富的营养元素并能够缓慢释放以供作物吸收,因此生物炭能改善土壤肥力并增加农作物产量。同时,生物炭巨大的吸附功能可以降低重金属和有机污染物在土壤及污水中的活性,起到降低污染物浓度的作用。因此生物炭在农业增产和减少污染方面有巨大的潜力。但是,到目前为止,对于生物炭很多的作用机制还未搞清楚,对不同种类生物炭性状、生物质在高温热解过程中内部化学成分和结构的变化、长期定位实验以及危害方面还应加强研究。对此,研究人员应该结合当地情况,尽多的用当地主要的动植物废料来生产生物炭以达到当地农业增产和治理污染的目的;其次,增加长期定位试验,找到适合当地的生物炭种类及其生产条件;另外还应增加对我国新疆、西藏等土壤贫瘠的偏远地区的研究,使当地的土壤更大程度的被利用以改善当地人民的生活;最后,当地政府及相关部门应该加大对生物炭研究的支持,使生物炭早日被普遍运用,造福百姓。

As an important carbon sequestration,soil amendment and efficient pollutant absorbent,biochar has attracted extensive interests of many scientists.Based on literatures about the effects on improving agricultural production and pollution abatement in recent years,we summarized some regulations and put forward some prospects of future research.The statements are presented as follows.Firstly,biochar exhibits a large internal surface area and a high degree of porosity;added biochar could enhance soil water holding capacity and the ability of soils to retain cations in a plant-available form,assist in the retention of elements in soil and improve soil structure.In addition,the biochar has abundant nutrient elements and provides a slow release source of nutrient elements.Therefore,application of biochar can improve soil fertility and increase crop yield.Secondly,the huge adsorbable ability of biochar could reduce activity of heavy metals and organic pollutants in the soil and sewage,playing a role in reducing the concentrations of pollutants.Therefore,biochar has huge potential in increasing crop production and reducing the concentration of the pollutants.Up to now,however,many mechanisms of biochar are not yet understood well enough.More researches are needs to be carried out to investigate the characteristics of different kinds of biochar and the inner chemical and structural changes in the process of pyrolysis.Besides,more field plots should be made to explore the advantages and disadvantages of biochar.Consequently,researchers should try their best to use local main animal and plant wastes to produce biochar to increase crop production and reduce the concentrations of the pollutants in combination with local circumstances.Thirdly,more long-term experiments should be conducted to find biochar and production conditions suitable for local application.In addition,research on the application of biochar in remote and poor soil areas,such as Tibet and Sinkiang,should be enhanced,making the local soil be used better,so as to improve the livelyhood of the local people.Finally,the local government and related departments should increase support to the biochar research program,making biochar be widely used and become more benefit to local people.