对拓跋鲜卑及北朝汉化问题的总体考察

A Comprehensive Study on Tuoba Xianbei(拓跋鲜卑)and the Hanization in the Northern Dynasties

从258年拓跋力微迁居盛乐到581年北周为隋所代,拓跋鲜卑及北朝经历了一个复杂的汉化过程。从北魏皇室始祖到北魏前期,虽有汉化因素,但其主流思想是坚守本民族习俗和文化。北魏中期,积极推行全面汉化政策。北魏后期,部分鲜卑人对孝文帝的全面汉化改革进行反思、清算甚至猛烈反扑,曾一度出现了新的鲜卑化倾向。东魏、北齐对汉化政策反扑最为激烈,胡风、胡俗越来越重。西魏、北周虽有胡风、胡俗回潮现象,但幅度较低,范围较窄,主要是对孝文帝以来汉化之路的逐步回归和对民族关系的不断调适,为消灭北齐、统一北方并为隋唐盛世的出现奠定了坚实基础。

Tuoba Xianbei and the Northern Dynasties experienced a complex hanization process from the relocation of Tuoba Liwei(拓跋力微)in 258 A.D to the substitution for the Northern Zhou Dynasty by Sui in 581 A.D. Although there was hanization in the periods from the first ancestor of the royal family of the Northern Wei to the earlier stage of the Northern Wei, the mainstream was the perseverance with their national customs and culture. The overall hanization policy was promoted in the middle of the Northern Wei, whereas some people of Xianbei rethought, exposed and criticized, and even attacked the overall hanization reform of Emperor Xiaowen, and Xianbei culture was once reemphasized. In that course, the attacks on the hanization policy in the Eastern Wei and the Northern Qi were fiercest and the non-Han customs became more popular. Though the non-Han customs relapsed in the Western Wei and the Northern Zhou, the adjustment on the hanization and the national relations was the main trend, and the potency and scope were lower, which had laid a solid foundation for the collapse of the Northern Qi, the unification of the North, and the prosperity of Sui and Tang.