明清河工堡夫问题研究

Research on the Pufu (堡夫) System of the River Conservancy in the Ming and Qing Dynasty

明代堡夫与河夫是河道夫役的不同类型,至清代堡夫成为河夫的一种。在河工上,堡夫与铺夫的含义并不完全相同。清代河南堡夫制度一直存在,雍正时向江南、山东河工推广,取代了原来的铺夫。与明代相比,清代堡夫绝对数量增加,相对数量减少,劳作更加繁重。这与清代河兵制度的兴起有很大的关系。待遇差、劳作苦、缺乏上升空间,使得堡夫丧失护堤的积极性,给清代河工带来了消极的影响,是导致清代河政衰微的一个重要原因。

Pufu（堡夫 ） and hefu（ 河夫）were of different kinds in the M ing Dynasty , but they were the same in the Qing Dynasty. Pufu（堡夫） and pufu（铺夫 ）are not the same kind. The pufu （堡夫） system had always existed, and it was extended to Shandong （山东） and Jiangnan（江南）,replacing the previous pufu（铺夫）system. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the Pufug（ 堡夫 ） abso- lute number increased , and the relative number decreased , so they had to work hard. It had a great relationship with the rise of the hebing（河兵） in the Qing Dynasty. Poor treatment, hard work, the lack of room for growth, making the pufu（堡夫） lose the enthusi- asm. And it caused a negative impact to the river conservancy, which was an important reason of the decline of the river conservancy in the Qing Dynasty.