共容利益狭隘化:破解国家荣衰兴亡周期律的一种新解释

Narrow Tendency of Encompassing Interests A New Interpretation of the Periodic Law of National Rise and Fall

利益集团的利益包括狭隘利益与共容利益两种。利益集团首先是作为"经济人"而存在的。一般性利益集团往往关注的只是它们自身的狭隘利益,甚至为了自身的狭隘利益而不惜牺牲社会的公共利益。相比较而言,现代政党等典型代表性利益集团更具有共容利益,它们会更加关注国家、社会的整体利益。一般而言,执政集团在位初期更具有共容利益,但其共容利益往往会随着统治时间的延长而流失。当执政利益集团排除了共容利益,完全蜕化为自利的狭隘利益集团时,其政治合法性也就完全失去了,政权往往会被新的更具有共容利益的典型性代表集团所取代。古今中外的王朝更替和国家荣衰,都可以从中找到令人信服的答案。在现代社会,理性的执政集团往往会通过意识形态教育、现代国家制度建设、限制分利集团、打造公共领域、增强公民能力等一些彰显公共理性的路径,以有效应对执政集团共容利益的狭隘化问题;并以不断增强执政集团的共容利益为基础,促进整个社会利益集团在寻求自身利益实现的过程中,在更大程度上彰显共容利益,走向公共理性,进一步促进社会的公平与和谐。

Interest groups,existing as ＂economic man＂ firstly,include narrow interest and encompassing interest.General interest groups are often concerned with narrow interest of themselves,even reaching their narrow interest at the expense of social public interest.In comparison,modern political parties and other typical representative＇s interest groups are more tend to encompassing interest.They are more inclining to national and social overall interests.In general,ruling groups pay more attention to encompassing interest.However,following with the ruling time,the encompassing interest that was preferred to will gradually drain.When ruling interest groups exclude from the encompassing interest,completely degenerating into self-interest of narrow interest groups,they are bound to losing the political legitimacy,as well as the regime.Meanwhile,they will be replaced by the new typical representative groups,who are more concerned with encompassing interests.Convincing answers to dynasties change and national prosperous and decline of ancient and modern times as well as China and foreign countries can be found from it.In modern society,rational ruling groups usually take some routes,such as ideology education,system construction of modern countries,restriction of sub-groups,construction of public domain,and enhancement of citizen＇s abilities to effectively deal with narrowing tendency problems in common interest of ruling groups;and based on increasing encompassing interest of ruling groups,greater highlighting the encompassing interest in the process of promoting the whole social interest groups in seeking own interests,stepping onto public reason,and further promote social equality and harmony.