巨灾救助的理论检视与政策适应——以“南方雪灾”和“汶川地震”为案例

Theory View and Policy Adoption for Catastrophe Relief:Cased on the Southern Snowstorm and the Wenchuan Earthquake

灾害救助是一个满足灾后需求的过程。巨灾引发了巨量的、多元的、长期的救助需求。对"南方雪灾"和"汶川地震"的案例研究表明,"浪涌能力"、"社会脆弱性"和灾后恢复的社会过程在资源需求数量、受灾者需求的内部差异性和灾害需求持续时间三个维度上都对灾害救助体系提出了更高的要求。灾害救助政策需要回应这些要求,通过"全危险"物资储备、资源共享、风险共担等方式来增加救灾物资储备的弹性,通过开展社会脆弱性评估,并依据社会脆弱性的分布来发展和培育NGO满足差异性需求的能力,通过发展本地社区互助网络来推动灾后恢复社会过程的实现。

Disaster relief is a process that meeting demands after disaster.Catastrophe would cause great amount of,multiple and long term demands.Study on the cases of the Southern Snowstorm and the Wenchuan Earthquake shows that,the Surge Capacity,social vulnerability and recovery as a social process set higher requirements for the disaster relief system in three dimensions such as resources amount,internal variations among the victims and duration of demands.The policy has to response to these three challenges with all-hazards resources reserving,resources and risk sharing to improve the flexibility of resource providing when catastrophe happens,taking social vulnerability evaluation to develop the NGOs＇ capability for variable demands according to the result of the evaluation,fostering local mutual aid network to realize the social process of recovery.