居民旅游感知实证比较研究之制度伦理分析——以世界遗产地开平碉楼与村落为例

Residents' Perceptions of Tourism: An Institutional and Ethical Analysis of an Empirical and Contrastive Study in the Kaiping Towers and Villages

过往旅游感知研究多停留在实证研究层面——以管理学、社会学、统计学的视角居多,而实证之后对其从制度伦理等哲学角度的反思鲜有涉及。实际上,研究旅游只在管理学或社会学层面的思考是远远不够的,许多问题还涉及目前旅游学界未给予足够关注的制度伦理。文章拟从另一视角来验证旅游发展带来制度伦理方面的诉求。通过比较两个地理位置相当、人口社会学特征相似的古村落——广东开平自力村和马降龙村的旅游影响感知及态度,发现由于旅游发展程度的不同,居民对开放社会的制度伦理诉求存在一定的差异;得出旅游发展程度越高,居民呈现出对公民社会的伦理诉求越强烈,即居民对村里的公共事务的参与意识越强,对分配公正的诉求、公共利益的关注越明显等制度伦理特征。

The research in tourism perception has mainly focused on empirical evidence in the past, such as questions of management, sociology, statistics, and economics; whereas the ethical or philosophical perspectives are relatively neglected. In fact, many issues of institutional ethics were given insufficient attention by tourism academics. This article focuses on how the level of openness influences the freedom, fairness, and democracy of local residents and also the ethical features of different pursuits based on the justice of social institutions. By comparing the villagers＇ perceptions and attitudes to tourism impact in the villages of Zili and Maxianglong in Kaiping, Guangdong （both ancient villages in the area with similar demographics and cultural backgrounds of social institutions and traditions） , the authors discover that differences between the pursuit and awareness of institutional ethics, regarding the villagers＇ openness of society, are displayed. Not only the economic level of the ancient villages, but also the traditional ethical norms of the villagers themselves, are changed. The features of institutional ethics as a strong civil need are discovered. The higher the level of tourism development, the stronger the villagers＇ involvement in public affairs and their pursuit of democracy. The emphasis on their own rights is also strengthened. The lower the level of tourism development, the lower the villagers＇ involvement in decision making. A feeling of a lack of control, brought by the development of tourism, is strong and easily converts to discomfort. The villagers＇ pursuit of equal distribution also differs, based on the level of the development of tourism. For example, villagers in Zili, where tourism is highly developed, are more sensitive to the fairness of income distribution, and negative perception is high; whereas villagers in Maxianglong are less sensitive to the fairness of income distribution, and retain a neutral status. Public welfare services, such as education and medical treatment, remain unchanged in both villages at similar levels. Regarding public welfare services, Zili villagers, with their higher level of tourism development, are strongly dissatisfied, whereas most villagers in Maxianglong are positive. This means the concern of villagers in Maxianglong regarding public welfare is clearly lower than that of villagers in Zili.