优秀自由泳运动员分段时间的特征研究

Characteristic Research on Lap Times of Elite Swimmers in Freestyle Swimming

对近4届世界游泳锦标赛上高水平(决赛和半决赛)自由泳运动员的运动成绩进行分析,其中男、女各224人共历时7年。通过各分段时间与最终成绩的相关分析,以及历届不同水平、性别的优秀运动员在各个项目上的分段时间进行研究。结果发现,在任何项目上,不论水平高低,自由泳运动员都呈现较为类似的时间分配模式,其中在短距离项目上,水平越高的运动员前后半程的分段时间差越小并趋于均衡;在中距离项目上,男子运动员后半程保持速度的能力优于女子,历届世锦赛的获胜者在每个分段上处于领先位置,尤其在途中的游速上;同时长距离项目上水平较高的运动员在途中的分段时间有明显的下降趋势(加速)且变化较小,而水平稍差的运动员有明显的上升趋势(减速)。建议教练员和运动员在保持总分段时间分配特征的前提下,通过技术优化和力量训练来提高分段成绩,进一步提高比赛成绩。

Swimming performance was analyzed for top level freestyle swimmer（semi-finalists and finalists） in nearly four Swimming World Championships over 7-year period（224 males,224 female）.The pattern of lap time adopted in international swimming competition was evaluated by quantifying the relationship of each lap to final time and characterizing the elite swimmers in each event regardless of the gender,finish position.The result indicated a similar pattern of lap time was adopted in each event of the top level swimmers,the different of lap time was reduced in forth and back event of sprint event;the ability of maintain in the middle laps speed of male swimmers super to the female swimmers in the middle event,each competition in swimming world championship the winner maintained a lead through each of the intermediate laps,especially in speed of middle laps.The winner had their lap time distribution of swimming as descending line and with very small difference between lap times in the entire distance.Other swimmers had ascending line or flat line.So coaches and swimmers should look to address improvement in technique and fitness in laps that will result in the greatest performance.