汉代农业聚落形态的考古学观察

An Archaeological Study of the Agricultural Settlement Pattern in the Han Period

汉代农业聚落形态统指汉代小农的各种聚居方式。文献记载中的小农聚居形式称为"里",多经过周密规划,内部管理体系完备;考古发现则揭示汉代有另外两种自发形成的聚居形式:一是河南内黄三杨庄遗址发现的散居式的自然聚落,一是辽阳三道壕遗址发现的相对集中的聚落。聚落中"田"(小家的田地)与"宅"(小家聚居处)的空间布局呈现两种特征:三杨庄式的汉代农业聚落中"田"、"宅"相连,文献记载中的"里"与三道壕式聚落中"田"、"宅"不相连属。文献中常见的"田宅"一词只是在于强调"田"与"宅"对于国家和人们生活的重要性,本身并不表示二者在地理位置上相连。研究者应该在汉代农业聚落形态多样性的认识之下,结合具体的环境讨论聚落遗址的形成和存在价值,用考古发现的聚落遗存去丰富文献中农业聚落的内涵。

The agricultural settlement patterns of the Han Dynasty refers to the various ways of settlement of small farmers during that period, which was referred in literature as Li, usually carefully planned and with a comprehensive internal management system. Archaeologists have found two other settlement patterns. While both were formed spontaneously without previous planning, one was more scattered, the example of which was the Sanyangzhuang site in Neihuang, Henan Province, and the other was more assembled, of which, Sandaohao site in Liaoyang is an example. The field （tian） and house （zhai） of the Han farmers were not always connected although it was the case in Sanyangzhuang site. The phrase tianzhai （field and house）, which has appeared a lot in ancient literature, was intended to emphasize the importance of field and house to people and the society, but not suggesting the geographical relationship between. It is essential for researchers to acknowledge the diversity of the agricultural settlement in the Han Dynasty and to study its formation and value in specific contexts, so as to enrich the literature records with archaeological discoveries.