1795-1949的湘西苗疆自治政权更替研究——兼论“民族自治”的三种模式

A Study of the Hmong Autonomous Replacement during 1795～1949——also on the Three Modes of "Ethnic Autonomy"

本文以1795-1949年间湘西苗疆自治政权三次更替为研究对象,展示不同时期少数民族相同的政治夙愿——"民族自治",为我党推行"民族区域自治"政策的历史必然提供了典型案例。本文认为,清政府"以苗治苗"的"苗官制"和"苗官与流官并行制",属于画地为牢的"圈养式"民族自治;民国"湘西自治",属于粗略经营的"放养式"民族自治;其间,清政"屯田制"与国民"湘西自治"并行25年后,直至1936年才被推翻,湘西民众成为废除清政后的最后一个族群。解放前夕,国共双方都极力争取苗疆势力,拉开了当家作主的"自主式"民族自治的序幕。

This paper argues that ethnic minorities in these areas are yearning for the rights of self-management in different periods. It points out the three regime replacements of Hmong autonomy in western Hunan during 1795-1949: (1) Hmong official and flow official systems were prevalent in the Qing Dynasty, which was strictly limited to a designated area and called ‘the autonomy of total confinement style’; 2)In the era of Republic of China, the model of Hmong autonomy in this district has developed into ‘the autonomy of extensive stocking style’ when the special land system of ‘Tonden(Garrison troops open up the wasteland and plant grains)was carried on along with ‘western Hunan autonomy’ till 1936. Therefore, the Hmong ethnic group was the last one who abrogated the law of the Qing Dynasty. Before the liberation of 1949, both Kuomindang and Chinese Communist Party strived for the ethical power, which promoted the figuration of ‘regional autonomy of ethnic minorities’.