从稍食到月俸——战国秦汉禄秩等级制新探

From Little Reword to Monthly Salary ——New Approach of Payment System in Warring Period and Qin an Han Dynasty

学者普遍认为 ,战国秦汉的俸禄制 ,是此期官僚制度充分发展的重要标志。本文进而指出战国俸禄有年俸和月俸之别 ,并考察它们的不同来龙去脉。作者认为 ,贵族时代卿大夫以采邑为居官的的报偿 ,采邑往往是终身甚至世袭占有的。战国年俸 ,便是从卿大夫采邑的收获物演变而来的。同时周代还存在一种“稍食” ,它针对“府史胥徒”这个身份卑微的阶层 ,并采用按月考课、按月授廪之法。作者提出 ,秦代“月食”和汉代“月钱”来源于昔日小吏的酬报形式 ,秦汉朝廷向百官发放月俸、并以禄秩确定官僚等级 ,这意味着其时君主是以“吏”的形象为百官定性定位的 ,对应着王朝“以吏治天下”

General scholars think that the official's salary system in Warring Period and Qin and Han Dynasty is an important symbol that bureaucrat system was fully developed at that time. This article tells the cause and effect of two types of salary: annual salary and monthly salary. The author also puts forward that Monthly Reward in Qin Dynasty and Monthly Money in Han Dynasty were both come from the payment of previous minor government officials. Imperial government pays the officials and determined the social estate of bureaucrat according to the salary system, it is equally to the spirit of ruling the society by feudal officials.