政治机会理论视角下的宗教组织与社会运动——以东欧独立和平运动为例

Religious Organizations and Social Movements in the Context of Political Opportunity:A Case Study of Independent Peace Movement in Eastern Europe

政治机会理论,是上世纪七八十年代盛行西方的社会运动理论。该理论认为社会运动的兴起和发展,取决于社会政治机会结构的变化。与其他世俗的社会组织一样,宗教组织在参与社会运动的过程中也受到各种政治机会的驱动和制约。一般来说,政治机会结构要素即包括社会运动组织的内部凝聚力,也包括其所处社会中的制度框架、政府政策、政教关系以及社会精英的认同和整合等等。在上世纪80年代东欧一些地区兴起的"独立和平运动"中,因为"政治机会"的差异,东欧各国宗教团体在新社会运动中表现出截然不同的特性,证明政治机会结构对社会运动中宗教非政府组织的立场和行为具有十分重要的影响。

When there are changes in either the institutional features,informal political alignments,or repressive capacity of a given political system,the political opportunity will change as well.Various social movement organizations benefit from the expansion in political opportunities,including religious ones.In this article,through the case study of church's independent peace movement in GDR and Hungary in the 1980s,the author argues that religious organizations are important alliance partner of social movement organizations,and the structure of political opportunity proves to be crucial for religious organization's social and political participation.