管理学理论的视角、参照系和分析工具

Prospective,Reference Systems & Analyzing Tools of Management Studies

经济基础决定上层建筑,实务中利润往往被列为管理的第一视角。管理追求1+1>2的效果,其间暗含着一种互动的视角。由利润的视角来透视管理,免不了要以经济为参照系。权力进入商业企业领域,则体现为公司政治和市场政治。"和谐社会的构建"暗示从和谐的视角来考量管理,更多地是选取了社会作为参照的标准。本位主义是与互动相矛盾的管理现象,应对它要求以整个或更大的系统为参照,即系统观。建立在一般均衡之上的经济学分析是管理者重要的日常工具。管理实务中要形成权力上的牵制,不可出现极化—这就要诉诸政治学分析来实现。格局的合理搭配,即"衡平",是贯穿于管理各个环节的考量依据。为达到"互动"或"他动"的目的,把管理对象放在系统内考察,"系统动力学"就成为了此时的分析工具。

The paper holds that first, economic basis decides upper structure, so profit is often listed the first angle of view in practice. Management pursues effect of 1＋1〉 2, which implies a kind of interactive angle of view. And eco- nomics is unavoidably necessary as a reference system when decomposing management from profit perspective. Second, power takes the form of corporate politics and market politics penetrating the commercial domain. The so-called ＂con- struction of harmonious society＂ suggests that management he studied from harmonious point of view and take society as the referring standard most of the time. Third, the self-concept is a management phenomenon contradictory with inter- action. To deal with the contradiction, it requires taking the entire or a larger system as reference, namely systematic view. Fourth, as far as the analyzing tool is concerned, economic analysis basing on the general equilibrium is an im- portant and regular one. In management practice, as power diversion is a must, and polarization should be forbidden, management should resort to pohtical analysis to assist. Finally, to achieve the aim of ~interactive＂ or ＂proactivej, man- agement object needs to be examined in the viewpoint of the whole system. Thus, ~system dynamics~ becomes the ana- lyzing tool.