实践与实践性理解:布尔迪厄反思社会学的主题与品格

The Practical Understanding of Practice:Bourdieu's Theory of Practice

布尔迪厄的社会理论常被冠名为实践理论,然而,实践在布尔迪厄思想中的角色定位却是学界未曾明确澄清的一个问题。回溯布尔迪厄确立其社会学秉性的代表性著作,作者认为:与惯习、场域、资本等主要作为概念性的分析工具不同,实践在布尔迪厄的思想中主要体现的是本体论层面与认识论层面的意涵。本体论层面的实践,涉及的是行动者的社会存在形式,主要体现为各种具体的社会实践活动,这种实践的特质主要包括时空性、无意识性、目的性和紧迫性等等;认识论层面的实践,涉及的则是有别于传统的实践理解方式的一种认识论的反思,这种反思主要借助于身体知识、历史感和象征炼金术三种方式,实现了本真地呈现本体性实践而又不致丧失实践的丰富性。通过还布尔迪厄实践理论原有之本色,布尔迪厄致力于克服主观主义与客观主义、结构与行动二元对立的努力便彰显了出来。此外,实践理论所具有的现实社会意义与学科理论发展史意义也得到了凸显。

Pierre Bourdieu＇s social theory is often named as a Theory of Practice. However, no clarification has ever been made of the role of practice in Bourdieu. This paper traces the representative works which have established Bourdieu and draws the conclusion： Different from the analytically instrumental concepts of habitus, field and capital, practice is both ontological and epistemological in the idea of Bourdieu. Ontological practice, presented as space and time, automaticity, purposiveness, urgency, and etc., is related to the agents＇social being. Epistemological practice refers to an epistemological reflection different from the traditional understanding of practice. This reflection mainly employs body knowledge, historical sense and symbol alchemy, and it naturally presents the ontology practice without losing its richness. By restoring the original color of Bourdieu＇s theory of practice, one will see his effort to overcome the subject-object and structure-action binary oppositions. Besides, the realistic social significance and historical development of the corresponding disciplines＇theory also get the highlight.