汉唐灾异认识论初探

On the Understanding of Natural Calamity in the Han and Tang Dynasties

汉唐时期对灾异的认识有一个发展的历程。两汉时期,人们认为水、旱、震、日月食等属于灾异范畴,基本上是用阴阳五行说、天人感应论等来解释灾异的产生,表达其对灾异的认识。唐代,仍然注重与农业相关的灾异,与汉代相比,基本忽视了地震、日食、火灾等灾异。在两汉灾异认识论的基础上,唐代仍然认为灾异为天谴,但是也有人淡化了董仲舒"天地之物,有不常之变者,谓之异"的思想,认为"灾变"非"灾异",灾变有常,是客观存在或者是人为造成的,这就是唐代出现的灾变自然成因说和社会成因说。相较两汉而言,唐代对于灾异的认识更加深入、更加客观。

The understanding of natural calamity experienced a long time in the Hall and Tang Dynasties. During the period of Han Dynasty, floods, droughts, earthquakes, sdar and lunar eclipses, and fires, etc. were believed to be natural ca- lamity. Basically, the Theory of Yin - Yang and the Five Elements and the Theory of Man - Universe Correspondence were used to explain all these. In the Tang Dynasty, much attention was paid to the natural calamities related to farming, com- pared with the Han Dynasty, earthquakes, solar eclipses and fires, etc. were overlooked. Based on the understanding of natural calamity in the Han Dynasty, all the natural calamities were thought to be the scourge of God, however, some played down Dong Zhong - shu＇ thought that all the things with unusual changes were believed to be strange, thinking that convulsions were constant, not natural calamities, either objective reality or man - made, which were the natural cata- strophic hypothesis and social hypothesis. Comparatively, there was a deeper and more objective understanding of natural calamity in the Tang Dynasty.