跨国界河流、跨流域调水与我国南水北调的基本问题

TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER,INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS ABOUT THE WATER DIVERSION PROJECTS IN CHINA

跨国界河流常是当今国与国水资源矛盾与冲突的发源地。在水资源空间分布不均衡背景下,跨流域调水是解决地区性水资源短缺的有效途径之一;然而,它同时也导致一系列社会经济与资源环境等问题。本文论述了主要跨国界流域中有关国家围绕水资源展开的矛盾与冲突、谈判与妥协。简要论述与评价了有关跨国界河流水资源利用的国际法则及其存在问题。阐述了当今世界跨流域调水与我国南水北调工程涉及的主要问题。提出了有关南水北调工程计划的四个基本问题:(1)前提条件是不对长江三角洲地区枯季的水资源产生显著不利影响;(2)解决黄、淮、海流域水资源问题的基本立足点仍然是在各自流域内部;(3)南水北调的长远与根本目标是帮助北方流域恢复与重建流域生态系统,而不是单纯满足北方流域不断增长的水资源需求;(4)解决北方流域水资源短缺的根本途径是根据上下游自然条件,调整灌溉农业的空间布局,发展清洁与节水型产业与治污工程。

This paper deals with the water resource problems in the major transboundary rivers and from the interbasin water transfer. The disputes and conflicts, arising from the different stands about the water rights between the basin states, are discussed with reference to the international rules about the shared water. The environmental impacts of the interbasin water transfer are evaluated with respect to the past experience in China and in other parts of the world. Four fundamental principles are proposed for the interbasin water transfer projects to be constructed in the coming decades in China: 1) The precondition is that it will exert no adverse impacts on the society and economy in Changjiang River delta; 2) The final solution to resolve the water problems in the North China is dependent on the efforts within the individual drainage basins; 3) The ultimate objectives of the interbasin water transfer are to help improve and reconstruct the ecosystem and environment in North China, rather than to simply meet the increasing demand for water resource there; 4) The efficient and fundamental approach for resolving the water shortage problem in the North China must be based on the adjustment of irrigation agriculture, industrial enterprises, pollution control and wastewater treatment,etc.