论公众共用物的法律保护

The Legal Protection of Commons

公众共用物系指不特定多数人的可以非排他性使用的共用物,例如大气、水流、海洋、森林和荒地等环境和自然资源。公众共用物既不属于我国法律规定的私有物,也不属于我国法律上规定的国家所有即全民所有财产。公众共用物是公众自由活动、相互交往以及与自然交往的地域、空间和舞台,是满足人们物质需求和精神需求的食粮,是激发和促进人的思想、理想、情操、美感和艺术的渊源,是人之所以为人、人之所以为生态人社会人、人之所以得以全面发展的物质基础和基本条件,是人类、社会、经济和生态得以可持续发展的物质源泉和基本资源。目前我国公众共用物因受到来自各方面和各种形式的污染、破坏、损害、侵犯而面临着退化、萎缩的危机,急需加强法律保护。公众共用物使用权是指不特定多数人非排他性使用公众共用物的资格、自由和力量。作为公众中一员的每一个人都有公众共用物使用权。对公众共用物的保护和法律调整,不能仅仅依靠单一的政府那只"看得见的手"或"市场那只看不见的手"或"另一只看不见的手",而应该根据具体情况综合利用政府那只"看得见的手"、"市场那只看不见的手"和"另一只看不见的手"这三只手;不能仅仅依靠单一的政府调整、市场调整和社会调整,而应该从实际出发综合采用政府调整、市场调整和社会调整这三种调整机制;不能仅仅依靠单一的中央集权、自由竞争、公有制和私有化手段,而应该根据现实需要适度地进行集权、分权、自治和实行公有、私有、共用措施。我国的法律应该充分发挥公众、政府和市场各自的优势和特点,逐步建立有关公众共用物的综合调整机制、善治机制,避免"公地悲剧"、"反公地悲剧"和埃利诺.奥斯特罗姆所谓的"双重陷阱",通过建立健全公众共用物的法律调整机制,保障公众共用物的健康和可持续存在,保持和维护私用财产、公务财产和共用物的合理比例、综合平衡和协调发展。提出建立健全如下公众共用物的法律规范和法律制度:非排他性使用公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;保护、改善和治理现有公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;防止不当减少现有公众共用物数量和规模,保障基本公众共用物供给的法律措施和法律制度;增加公众共用物的法律措施和法律制度;有关公众共用物的法律责任制度和救济制度;有关公众共用物的管理体制以及规划、统计、信息公开等管理制度。这些法律规范和法律制度将确保公众共用物与私人财产、政府财产的比例适当和协调发展,满足公众对公众共用物的需要。

'The things(res,real,goods,property,objects) of common used by public',i.e.'Commons',refer to the shared objects(things,res,real goods,property) which can be non-exclusive used by the non-specific most people;for example,the environmental and natural resources such as atmosphere,river,seas,forests and unreclaimed land,etc.They are neither the property owned by the individuals nor the property owned by the state(or by the whole people)according to our national law.They are the area,spaces and stage in which public can free do activity,interact and communicate with the nature.They are also the food of people's material needs and spiritual needs,and the sources to stimulate and promote the people's ideas,ideals,sentiments,aesthetic and artistic.They are the material source and the basic resources that the reason why the person is the person,and why the person is the eco-person and the social-person.They also provide the solid foundation for the integrated development of human beings and the sustainable development of the ecosystem,economy and society.Now in China,commons are facing with great crisis of degradation and atrophy due to various kinds of pollution,destruction,damage,infringe from all aspect,in need of reinforcing the legal protection.Right of using commons is the qualification,freedom and power of no specific most people to use the commons.Every member of the public has the right of using commons.In terms of the legal protection and regulation of commons,we shouldn't rely merely on the 'a visible hand' of the government or the 'an invisible hand' of the market or 'other invisible hand' from the society,we should synthetically adopt all the three hands according to specific circumstances.Instead of depending only on an regulation from government,market,or society separately,we should realize comprehensive utilization of three regulation mechanisms from reality.On the other hand,we shouldn't individually take means as centralization,free competition,public ownership or privatization,we should moderately process centralization with decentralization and autonomy and carry out the public ownership with private and common measures.Our law should make full use of the distinguished advantages and characteristics among the public,government and market,and then build up the Comprehensive Regulation Mechanism and Good Governance Mechanism of the commons.In the meanwhile,it should prevent the 'Tragedy of the Commons','Tragedy of Anti-the Commons' and 'Elinor Ostrom's Double Trap'.With the sound legal regulation mechanisms,commons will be secured and maintained,while private property,public property and commons will also be reasonably balanced and receive coordinated growth.This thesis propose is to improve or establish legal norms and legal system of commons as follows:legal measures and legal system about non-excludable using commons,legal measures and legal system of the protection,improvement and management of commons,legal measures and legal system about prevention of improper reducing existing commons' quantities and size and security of commons supply,legal measures and legal system about augment commons,legal responsibility system and relief system of commons,management system of commons planning,statistics,information disclosure.These legal norms and legal system will ensure the coordinated development and the balance of commons,private property,and the government property,while also meeting the public need of commons.