从经济自由到社会公正——欧盟对自由流动劳动者社会保障的法律协调

From Economic Freedom to Social Justice: Social Security Coordination of Labour Moving Freely within the EU

自由流动是实现欧洲单一市场,进而实现经济一体化的基础。而劳动者的自由流动既有与其他生产要素相同的地方,又有自身的特殊要求,特别是只有保证在自由流动的情况下其社会保障权利不受到损失,劳动者才能有自由流动的积极性。但如何对成员国千差万别的社会保障体系进行协调,则是一个非常棘手的问题。欧盟在协调自由流动劳动者的社会保障权利方面已经有50年的历史,主要采取的是法律协调方式。本文分析了欧盟对自由流动劳动者的社会保障法律协调的历史发展、主要立法和原则、特点及其局限性,指出,尽管由于各种原因,欧盟对自由流动劳动者社会保障法律协调仍存在着一定的缺陷,但它具有其他国际机制所不具备的优势,有很多值得我们借鉴的地方。

The principle of the four free movements is one of the prerequisites to complete the European single market and to realize the economic integration.The free movement of labour across the national borders within the EU is much more complicated than the other free movements,although similarities exist.In particular,in order to have a genuine freedom of movement,labour migration within the common market should not lead to a loss of their social security entitlements.However,it is extremely difficult to coordinate the diversified domestic social security systems of the EU member states.During the past 50 years,the EU has accumulated rich experiences in legally and judicially coordinating the social security laws governing the workers migrating within the EU.This paper points out,by analyzing the history,major laws and principles,characteristics and limitations of the European coordination system,that the EU's social security coordination system possesses a number of advantages which the other systems lack.