合并、嫁接与汉语领主句、存现句之句法语义辨析

Merge,Adjunction,and Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Chinese UCPP and Existential Construction

现有文献关注领主句和与其对应的存现句的共性而忽略了二者句首成分的句法语义个性:领主句的句首成分属于合并的论元,由V的中间投射给其赋予历事题元角色,而存现句的句首成分属于嫁接的附加语,由PP内的方位标记词给其赋予方所题元角色;二者均符合题元角色指派的标准结构要求:姐妹关系。两种句型因之而具有不同的句法表现、语义蕴含和语用意图。本文基于合并和嫁接操作对领主句和存现句的分析符合两种句型所隶属的逻辑判断类型:存现句表达单一认知行为,属于非主题判断,而领主句表达复杂认知行为,属于主题判断。本文最后指出,合并和嫁接操作在自然语言中应该具有更为普遍的适用性。

Current relevant literature is mostly concerned with the commonality between Chinese UCPP and the corresponding existential construction, but leaves unexplained the individual idiosyncracies of the initial components of either of them in terms of syntax and semantics： the initial component in UCPP is merged as an NP argument and is assigned EXPERIENCER by the intermediate projection of V, whereas the initial component in the corresponding existential construction is adjoined as a PP adjunct and is assigned LOCATIVE by the localizer. Both assignments are in full accord with the standardly required sister-hood relationship. The difference in terms of the theta-role of the initial components is believed to lead to the different syntactic behavior, semantic import and pragmatic intention of UCPP and the existential construction in question. The adjunction-based analysis of the corresponding existential construction and the merger-based analysis of UCPP are consistent with their logical-judgment types： The former expresses a simple cognitive activity, thus being categorized as a thetic judgment, whereas the latter expresses a complex cognitive activity, thus being viewed as a categorical judgment. This article proposes that MERGE and ADJUNCTION are two syntactic devices that can be applied to a greater extent of other linguistic phenomena in natural languages.