生态危机的根源及生态文明的必由之路——科技发展

The Root of Ecological Crisis and Inevitable Course of Ecological Civilization——Technology Development

深入分析原始社会、农业社会和工业社会中科技对生态环境的影响,指出:在原始社会,科技对生态环境的影响极小,远远没有超出自然的恢复能力,但无论在广度还是深度上,人类对生态环境的影响都在加深。在农业社会,青铜器、铁器、陶器和文字等科技成就的出现使人类增加了对自然资源的需求,自然的平衡和生态系统的稳定开始被破坏;另外,冶金术的发明使人类开始对不可再生资源进行开发利用的同时给生态环境带来了污染;这些必然影响农业社会的发展。在工业社会,3次工业革命均以消耗大量的自然资源为代价,尤其是第三次科技革命更是在广度和深度上加深了对生态环境的影响。认为科技发展本身意味着开发利用自然资源效率的提高,同时也不可避免地加速了资源的消耗和污染物的排放,科技及其发展是生态危机的一个重要原因,并从科技的本体论基础、认识论基础和方法论基础3个方面论证了科技是生态危机根源。在此基础上,认为应该从科技角度寻求解决生态危机的途径:改变传统的科技观,即扬弃传统科学所遵循的方法论意义上的简单性原则,代之以整体性原则;改变传统技术,即从生态系统整体性出发,采用多样化技术,使之与经济发展和环境保护相协调;改变社会条件,即从环境保护的实践和经济发展的现实出发,对传统技术创新的社会条件进行变革。

The influences of technology to eco- environment in primitive commune, agricultural society and industrial society were deeply ana- lyzed. In primitive commune, technology had minimal effect on eco - environment, while ilae influence of human to eco - environment deepened not only in range but also in depth. In agricultural society, the appearance of bronze ware, ironware, pottery and characters increased the re- quirements of human to natural resource. The nature balance and stability of eco - system began to be destroyed. On the other hand, the inven- tion of metallurgy made people to develop and utilize unrenewable resources, which also brought pollution to eco -environment. In industrial so- ciety, three times industrial revolution all consumed a large amount of nature resources, especially for the third revolution. It was thought that the technology development imply the efficiency improvement of developing and utilizing natural resources, at the same time, it is inevitable for speeding up the consumption of resource and discharge of pollutants. Technology is the mot of ecological crisis, which is proved from three as- pects of ontological basis, epistemological basis and methodological basis. Finally, several pathway were put forward ： change traditional technolo- gy, that is starting from integrity of eco - system, diversified technology should be adopted; change social conditions, that is starting from the practice of environmental protection and reality of economic development, the social conditions for traditional technology innovation should be re- formed.