宋朝公文的“检”与“书检”

The Reserved Copy of an Official Document and its Signing in the Song Dynasty

宋朝公文在形成、流转过程中产生的各种文书形态,以及这些文书的签署情况,构成了考察各官司日常政务处理及权力运作实态的切入点。本文探讨了宋朝公文制度中"检"与"书检"的含义和作用。"检"是公文产生过程中的一种文书形态,具有相关公文"存本"的功能,使得各项政务的处理有据可查,确保文书流转的严密性。与"检"的使用相关,"书检"这一政务处理的方式,在中央及地方各级公文制度中都有所体现。"书检"一方面表明相关负责官员的职权范围,保证了官司事务处理的正常运行;另一方面维护官员的"身份秩序",是宋代公文制度中对官员等级秩序的一种巧妙安排。

Various official-document formats generated by the formation and circulation of official documents and the signing of these documents constituted the approach to examine the administrative routine and operation of government departments in the Song Dynasty. Focusing on this issue, this article investigates the meanings and functions of Jian （检 ,reserved copy of an official document） and Shujian （书检, signing of the reserved copy of an official document）. Jian was a special format created in the process of official-document making, which functioned as the reserved copy of an official document. It made government affairs well- documented and ensured the rigor of the circulation of official documents. Related to the application of Jian, Shujian was a way of administrative operation, which was used in both the central and local official-document systems. Shujian indicated the authority of the officials in charge, which ensured the normal operation of governmental affairs. On the other hand, Shufian was used to maintain the officials＇ identity order, which was an ingenious arrangement of the bureaucratic hierarchy in the official-document system of the Song Dynasty.