4Chiappa A, Biffi R, Zbar AP, et al. Results of treatment of distal rectal carcinoma since the introduction of total mesorectal excision : a single unit experience, 1994 - 2003 [ J ]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2005, 20(3) : 221 -230.
5Arumugam PJ, Bevan L, Macdonald L, et al. A prospective audit of stomas-analysis of risk factors and complications and their management [J]. Colorectal Dis, 2003, 5(1 ) : 49 -52.