决疑术:方法、渊源与盛衰

Casuistry:Method,Origin,and its Rise and Fall

"决疑术"被称为是一种"基于案例的推理",它对(法律和道德)案件的裁决采取某种实践的进路。在决疑术的思考中,发现范例是很重要的一步。同时,"案件分类学"在决疑术中是至关重要的。仅从方法论层面看,决疑术与机械推理或数学推理不同,它在本质上是明智推理。决疑术的最早的理论渊源同样可以追溯至亚里士多德实践(道德)哲学。拉比犹太教论辩传统也是决疑术的渊源之一。在历史上,与拉比犹太教论辩传统平行发展的是基督教决疑术。在1556年—1656年间,所有这些历史渊源最后产生"全盛决疑术"。1657年,巴莱西.帕斯卡尔所写的《致外省人信札》发表,使"全盛决疑术"在经历一百年之后走向终结,决疑术本身也由此不断走向衰落。

The'casuistry'is looked as'case-based reasoning'which takes some practice approach to (legal and moral) case decision. In casuistry, example founding is a very important step. At the same time, the case classification is essential. From the methodological perspective, casuistry is different from mechanical reasoning or mathematical reasoning. It is essentially sensible reasoning. The earliest theory origin of casuistry also can be traced back to Aristotle’s practice (moral) philosophy. The debate tradition of Rabbinic Judaism is also one of the sources of the surgery. In history, the development of Christian casuistry is parallel to the debate tradition of Rabbinic Judaism. During 1556 to 1656, all of these historical origins culminated in the 'heyday casuistry'lastly. In 1657, The Provincial Letters by Blaise Pascal was published, which made the heyday casuistry coming to an end after one-hundred-years development. After that, the casuistry itself declined.