喷灌技术在北方缺水地区的应用前景

Application prospect of sprinkler irrigation technology in water-short areas of northern China

北方灌区在国家粮食安全战略中具有重要地位,但用水效率不高,浪费现象严重,加强节水灌溉研究是推动中国节水农业可持续发展的重大战略举措之一。喷灌是一种技术成熟、应用广泛的节水灌溉方式,在北方地区具有广阔的前景。在分析中国北方缺水地区喷灌发展的现状与制约因素的基础上,通过实例对畦灌和喷灌2种灌溉方式及固定式、优化型固定式、半固定式喷灌系统的投资、效益、劳动强度等指标进行了比较分析,结果表明每公顷喷灌投资较畦灌减少77.85%,其中每公顷节省用水量56%,节省水费468.75元/hm2,半固定式喷灌系统较固定式喷灌系统和优化型固定式喷灌系统的费用分别减少70.62%、48.86%,但它的劳动强度较高。最后,从增加政府投入,强化喷灌工程统一管理,降低成本,加强喷灌技术研究和大型喷灌机的研发与推广等角度提出了未来喷灌发展的战略对策。该文为缓解北方地区水资源短缺和大力发展推广喷灌技术提供指导。

Sprinkler irrigation is a water-saving irrigation mode with mature technology and wide application, which will have a broad prospect in popularization and application in the northern region. On the basis of the status and restrictive factors of irrigation development in water-short areas of northern China, comparative analyses of border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, optimized permanent and semi-permanent sprinkler system were conducted by case studies. And the comparative indexes included investment, benefit, labor intensity etc. The results showed that compared with the investment of border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation reduced the investment by 77.85%, saved water by 56%, and saved water fee by 468.75 yuan per hectare. Compared with permanent sprinkler system and optimized permanent sprinkler system, semi-permanent sprinkler system decreased the cost by 70.62% and 48.86%, respectively, and the labor intensity of which was higher. Finally, the strategic countermeasures of future development of sprinkler irrigation were proposed in the view of increasing government investment, strengthening the unified management of sprinkler irrigation projects, reducing costs, strengthening technology research of sprinkler irrigation and the development and extension of large-scale sprinkler machine etc. This research can provide theoretical guidance for relieving water shortages in northern China, developing and expanding the sprinkler irrigation technology.