山区农村生活垃圾成分特征及农用风险

Component characteristic and agricultural utilization risk of household waste in mountainous rural area

以浙江省丽水市莲都区为代表,对山区农村生活垃圾的组成成分、理化性状及其周年变化作了系统分析,并进行大豆-大豆-蚕豆3季作物定位试验,以评估可降解类有机垃圾肥料化利用的潜能和风险。结果表明:可降解类有机垃圾是农村生活垃圾的主要组分,占总量的43.64%,其N+P2O5+K2O(干基)养分含量约为3%,有机质平均含量为24.9%,且周年变化稳定,但有机垃圾中含有一定量的重金属,且变异较大;与常规化肥相比,施用垃圾有机肥对前2茬大豆产量的影响不明显,但能显著提高第3茬蚕豆的产量;垃圾有机肥对大豆和蚕豆的品质和重金属含量影响不明显,是安全的;施用垃圾有机肥能显著提高土壤的pH值、有机质和全氮含量,但同时也提高了土壤重金属含量,并有逐渐累积的趋势。由此可见,建立一套合适的农村生活垃圾分类、收集体系,将可降解的有机垃圾肥料化利用可有效减少生活垃圾的数量;垃圾有机肥长期施用具有提高产量,培肥改土的效果,但也会带来重金属污染风险,对垃圾有机肥的施用量和时间需进行监控。

The components and physical-chemical properties as well as their annual changes of rural household solid wastes were investigated in Liandu district, Lishui city, Zhejiang Province, as a representative of mountaineous rural areas. A long-term experiment was conducted to assess the risk of heavy metal pollution and the potential of biodegradable organic waste fertilization in soybean soybean- broad bean cropping system. The results showed that the biodegradable organic waste was the major portion of rural household wastes, and the average proportion was 43.64%. Nutrien content （N ＋ P2O5＋ K2O, dry mass） was about 3%, and organic matter average content was 24.9%, and their annual changes were very little. But the biodegradable organic wastes contained some heavy metals, and the contents changed greatly. Compared with conventional chemical fertilizer, application of waste organic fertilizer did not obviously change the yield of soybean in the first and second crop, and significantly increased the yield of broad bean in the third crop. Applying waste organic fertilizer had no significant effect on qualities and heavy metal contents of soybean and broad bean, was safe. Application of waste organic fertilizer significantly improved pH value, organic matter and total nitrogen contents of soil, also could enhance the heavy metal contents which had a gradual accumulation trend. Therefore, establishing a set of suitable classification and collecting system of rural household wastes, will effectively decrease amount of waste. Long-term application of waste organic fertilizer could increase agriculture production and improve soil fertility, but it also brought risk of heavy metal pollution, so application amount and time of waste organic fertilizer should be monitored and controlled.