从摹状函项和命题函项看涵义-指称问题——兼评弗雷格和罗素的意义理论

The Sense-reference Problem Viewed from a Perspective of Descriptive Function and Propositional Function——Also on Frege's and Russell's Theories of Meaning

弗雷格的语义学理论在很大程度上是通过将语句同数学中的函数作类比而得出的,他最先提出"谓词函项"的概念。随后罗素提出"摹状函项"和"命题函项"。在此基础上,文章指出,一个摹状词本身具有涵义即它的语法意义,其语法意义在某一世界或语境中对应(映射)一个对象,那个对象就是该摹状词的指称。一个命题本身也具有作为涵义的语法意义,它在某一世界或语境中对应(映射)一个事态,那个事态就是该命题的指称。摹状词通常呈现为三层语义结构即摹状词(涵义)-名称-对象(指称),而命题则呈现为二层语义结构即命题(涵义)-事态(指称)。

Frege＇ s theory of semantics was developed through analogy between sentences and mathematical functions to a great extent. It was Frege who first put the concept of ＇ predicative function＇. Following Frege, Russell put the ＇ descriptive function＇ and ＇ propositional function＇. On this basis, I point out that a description itself has a sense, namely its grammatical meaning, which maps to an object in the real world or a context. The object is the reference of that description. A proposition itself has also a grammatical meaning as its sense, which maps to a state of affairs （event） in the world or a context. The state of affairs is the reference of that proposition. A description usual- ly presents a three - tier structure of semantics, namely description （sense） - name - object （ reference）, while a proposition usually presents a two -tier structure of semantics, namely proposition （sense） -event （reference）.