自然中的精神——谢林早期思想中的“自然”观念探析

The Spirit in Nature——On the Idea of Nature in Schelling's Early Naturphilosophie

谢林早期自然哲学将生命视为因果性与合目的性的统一,力图以此调和康德在第三批判中所要调和的机械论与目的论的矛盾,谢林认为自然界虽然是盲目的自然力量的产物,但又是合乎目的的。为了克服康德留下的精神与物质的二元论,谢林发展了一种有机自然的理论,认为自然并不是完全受制于因果规律的客观对象,其本质上并不是完全外在于自我意识的纯粹客观对象的总和;自然只有作为一个有机的整体,即理解为诸种自发的力之间的相互作用才能得到规定,谢林在此基础上将自然归摄到先验自我意识、即精神的先天规定之下,以此克服康德的二元论。

In his early Naturphilosophie, Schelling takes life as the unity of causality and purposiveness of nature in order to reconcile the contradiction between mechanism and teleology which Kant tried to reconcile in his third Cri- tique. Schelling maintains that nature is the product of blind power, but is also purposeful. With the aim of overco- ming the dualism between matter and spirit, Schelling develops a theory of organic nature, which suggests that nature is not precisely the objects determined by causal laws, and the essence of nature is not the sum of pure objects which are totally outside self - consciousness. Nature can only be determined as an organic whole, i. e. the interac- tion of spontaneous forces. On this basis, Schelling ascribes nature to the a priori determination of spirit to overcome Kant＇ s dualism.