百年奥运世界田径竞争格局及发展态势

Study on Dynamic Changes of the World Track and Field Competitions from the 1st to the 26th Olympic Games

本文以第1～26届奥运会田径竞赛成绩为素材，以我国学者任海教授对现代奥林匹克运动历史阶段的划分理论为依据，探讨了百年奥运世界田径竞争格局的动态演变历程及发展态势。结果表明：1）百年奥运世界田径竞争格局始终以欧美为主导。其中，女子欧洲占优，男子北美逞强；2）随着田径运动在全球范围内的广泛普及，获取田径金牌的国家数量随奥运届次的延伸而递阶增长；3）美国、前苏联、德国、芬兰和英国是百年奥运田径竞争格局中的优势国家集团。但其在现代奥林匹克运动的不同历史阶段呈现了不同的竞争态势；4）女子田径项目进入奥运赛场已经并将继续深刻影响世界田径竞争格局的走向，东欧集团伴随国家政治剧变而表现出的女子田径实力下降，为其它有实力的国家提供了填补真空的机遇。

Based on the results of Track and Field competitions for the 1st to the 26th Oympic Games and Ren hai's theory on the division of medern Olympic history, dynamic changes of the setup of world Track and Field competitions in one hundred years of Olympic history were invesigated. The results were as follows: 1) Europe and America dominated in the setup of worid Track and Field rnpetitions in one hundred years of Olympic history, of which European wornen excelled and American men were superior. 2) With the worldwide popularization of Track and Field, the number of gold medal countries increased with each Olympic Games proceeding. 3) America, former Soviet Union, Germany, Finland and Bribon were superior countries in the setup of world Track and Field competitions in the one hundred years, but the ampetitive state of respective country was different during the four perieds of modern Olympic history. 4) The acceptance of women Track and Field in Oympic Games had influenced and would further influenced the tendency of worid Track and Field competitions. The sudden changes of the situation in Eastern Europe caused the decrease of women Track and Field in these countries, meanwhile, other countries would been provided with more chances.