文化自觉与文化攀附和文化自省——从当代新儒家儒学宗教性讨论及其缺失谈起

Cultural Consciousness,Claiming Kinship of Western Culture and Cultural Self-examination——In Perspective of Contemporary Neo-Confucianists′ Discussions of the Religiousness of Confucianism and Its Deficiencies

在20世纪上半叶儒学宗教性的讨论中,两代新儒家由于其文化攀附态度而持守两种截然相反的立场:第一代新儒家梁漱溟和熊十力主张"儒学非教"说,第二代新儒家唐君毅和牟宗三则主张"儒学是教"说。当代新儒家的文化攀附态度不仅使他们陷入西方文化中心主义的藩篱,而且也使他们陷入文化民族主义的藩篱。梁漱溟的拿来主义、熊十力的"返本开新"说、唐君毅的"心通九境"说和牟宗三的"圆实之教"说,都是其文化民族主义趋向的表征。无论是西方文化中心主义还是文化民族主义都既无助于儒学宗教性问题的讨论,也无助于中国文化或儒学的自强。文化攀附的根本问题在于"外骛",走出文化攀附的关键在于"求其放心",进行文化自省。惟有悟自,堪称觉自。惟有觉自,才能自觉。惟有自觉,才能自强。故而,文化自省实乃文化自觉的机关所在和文化自强的历史正途。

In the discussion of the religiousness of Confucianism during the first half of 20th century,the two generation Neo-Confucianists hold two opposite positions.The first generation Neo-Confucianists,such as Liang Shuming and Xiong Shili,maintain the doctrine that Confucianism is not a kind of religion.And the second generation Neo-Confucianists,represented by Tang Junyi and Mou Zongsan,maintain the doctrine that Confucianism is a kind of religion,or has religiousness.The attitude of Claiming Kinship of Western Culture of Neo-Confucianists not only makes them fall into the fence of the Western cultural centralism,but also makes them fall into the fence of the cultural nationalism.Liang Shuming′s bringism,Xiong Shili′s doctrine of returning to root and creating the new,Tang Junyi′s doctrine of the nine horizons of the Mind,and Mou Zongsan′s doctrine of satisfactory religion,are characterizations of their inclination of cultural nationalism.Neither the Western cultural centralism,nor the cultural nationalism,is helpful for the discussion of the problem of the religiousness of Confucianism or for the self-improvement of Chinese culture and Confucianism.The fundamental question of the attitude of Claiming Kinship of Western Culture consists in seeking for outside.The key single-pace for stepping off cultural claiming kinship of Western Culture is to take back your heart from outside,and carry out the activity of cultural self-examination.To reflect means to examine.To become aware means to understand.Only through examining ourselves,we can understand ourselves.Only understanding ourselves,we may say that we have truly become aware of ourselves.Only having truly become aware of ourselves,we may say that we have had consciousness.Only having had consciousness,we may be self-improvement.Therefore,cultural self-examination is the fundamental agent and the historical right way for cultural self-improvement.