1Warner DO, Warner MA, Offord KP, et al. Airway obstruction and perioperative complications in smokers undergoing abdominalsurgery[ J]. Anesthesiology, 1999,90 (2) :372-379.
2Cheney FW, Posner KL, Caplan RA. Adverse respiratory events infre- quently leading to malpractice suits. A closed claims analysis [ J ]. Anesthesiology, 1991,75(6) :932-939.
3Bemards CM, Ulma GA Jr, Kopacz DJ. The meningeal permeabili- ty of R- and S-bupivacaine are not different: evidence that phar- macodynamic differences between the enantiomers are not the re- sult of differences in bioavailability [ J ]. Anesthesiology, 2000, 93 ( 3 ) : 896-897.
4Kopacz D J, Allen HW, Thompson GE. A comparison of epidural levobupivacaine 0.75% with racemic bupivacaine for lower ab- dominal surgery [ J ]. Anesth Analg, 2000,90 ( 3 ) :642-648.
5Ohmura S, Kawada M, Ohta T, et al. Systemic toxicity and resus- citation in bupivacaine-, levobupivacaine-, or ropivaeaine-infused rats[ J]. Anesth Analg,2001,93 (3) :743-748.
6Suryaprakash S, Chakravarthy M, Gautam M, et al. Effect of tho- racic epidural anesthesia on oxygen delivery and utilization in car- diac surgical patients scheduled to undergo off-pump coronary ar- tery bypass surgery : a prospective study[ J ]. Ann Card Anaesth, 2011,14(3) :192-196.
7Gruber EM, Tsehernko EM, Kritzinger M, et al. The effects of thoracic epidural analgesia with bupivacaine 0.25% on ventilatory mechanics in patients withsevere chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[ J]. Anesth Analg, 2001,92(4) : 1015-1019.
8Bensehor FE, Vieira JE, Auler Jfiuior JO. Thoracic sympathetic block reduces respiratory system compliance [ J ]. Sao Paulo Med J, 2007,125 ( 1 ) :9-14.
10Groeben H, Schwalen A, Irsfeld S, et al. High thoracic epidural anesthesia does not alter airway resistance and attenuates the re- sponse to an inhalational provocation test in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity[Jl. Anesthesiology, 1994,81(4) :868-874.