民国初年有关制宪问题的争论——以马相伯的经历为视角的考察

A Controversy about the Formulation Constitution in the Early Years of the Republic of China:From the Experience and Perspective of Ma Xiangbo

制定一部良善的宪法,是民国初年民主宪政实验的首要问题,各种政治力量围绕制宪问题展开了激烈的争论与斗争。作为原立宪派的代表人物,总统府高等政治顾问、研究宪法委员会成员之一,马相伯参与了民初宪法的研究与讨论。他从历史、国情与学理出发,阐述了宪法制定的立场和主张:在国家结构上,主张采行单一制;在中央与地方关系上,赞同在加强中央集权的同时,给予地方自治权力;在政体方面,主张实行总统制,加大行政权力,建立强有力的政府;此外,他坚决反对定孔教为国教。这些观点与主张虽然并不完全从属于原立宪派,但一定程度上反映了该派对于宪法问题之立场与意见。这种过于理想化的思想与主张最终不自觉地为袁世凯进行专制集权统治所利用。马相伯的这一段政治经历为深入考察民初制宪之争提供了一个重要视角和个案,从中反映出制宪之争对于民初政治之影响。

Establishing an effective constitution is a crucial task for the constitutional democracy experiment implemented by the government in the early years of the Republic of China.Consequently,it brought in fierce debates among different parties.Ma Xiangbo,representative of the original Constitutionalists,senior political consultant of the president office,and member of the constitution committee,joined the study and discussion.According to the historical,national and theoretical conditions,Ma put forward his suggestions on the establishment of the constitution.For the state structure,he suggested the unitary system.For the central-local relationship,he suggested strengthening the centralization of authority and giving autonomy to local governments.For the government form,he suggested a presidential system which would expend administration＇s force and help to set up an authority government.Besides,he was strongly against Confucianism as a state religion.His ideas might not entirely subordinate to the constitutionalists,but to some extent reflected their positions on the task.Finally these idealized ideas were made use of by Yuan Shikai for his tyranny later even without Ma＇s own realization.Therefore,Ma Xiangbo＇s political experience provide a significant perspective for in-depth study of the argument on the constitution at that time and reflected its effect on the politic development.