曹操高陵的考察与思考

Investigation and Consideration of Gaoling Mausoleum of Cao Cao

从墓葬的形制与结构判断,西高穴大墓应该是一座东汉晚期的高等级贵族墓;由出土的圭可以确定其是一座东汉晚期的某一个王的墓;由出土的具有"魏武王常所用"铭文的石质器物,可以进一步确定西高穴大墓的墓主人是东汉晚期被封为魏王、死后曾被谥称为魏武王的曹操。因此,考古学界对于西高穴大墓即曹操高陵的判断正确,定性准确。以两宋为界,北宋以前,曹操高陵的所在,文献中一直有明确的记载,不存在疑问,更没有所谓疑冢之说。自南宋始,曹操"七十二疑冢"说产生并流布开来。究其原因,这主要与曹操高陵的西晋被盗以及后来北宋的修复有关。曹操墓在西晋被盗后,墓葬暴露,其所在成为尽人皆知的事实。北宋对曹操墓的修葺与保护,使曹操高陵因被盗而形成的识别标识湮灭;加之地表植被的恢复,原本"不封不树"的曹操墓与周边环境统一,外表已难辨识;北宋末年金人南侵,北宋灭亡,守冢户逃离,曹操墓就渐渐成为人们不知所在的疑问。

Based on the shape and structure of the tomb,the grand tomb of Xi Gaoxue ought to be a high-level aristocratic tomb in late Easten Han dynasty.We can further make certain that the owner of the tomb is Cao Cao whose posthumous title was 'King Wu of Wei' in late Easten Han dynasty according to the relics of 'gui' and stone tablets with inscriptions of 'Wei Wu Wang chang suo yong' unearthed from the tomb.Therefore,archaeologists' judgement is correct and accurate.Based on Song Dynasty time,there was no record in documents about any doubt of where Gaoling Mausoleum of Cao Cao was before the Northern Song Dynasty,let alone so-called nominal tombs.However,the tale of '72 nominal tombs' came into being and spread after the Southern Dynasty.The cause of this phenomenon is related to two events: Gaoling Mausoleum of Cao Cao was robbed in the Western Jin Dynasty and was repaired in the Song Dynasty.The place of Cao Cao's tomb was well known after it was robbed and revealed in the Western Jin Dynasty.But it was not easily recognized afterwords because the symbol of it was mixed with the ground vegetation after it was repaired and protected by the Northern Song Dynasty.Furthermore,the keepers of Cao Cao's tomb left when Jin invaded in late Northern Song Dynasty.Gradually,the place of Cao Cao's tomb became a riddle.