移民对喀喇沁地区民族构成及语言接触模式的影响

The Impact of Han Immigration on Ethnic Composition and Language Contact Mode in Haraqin Area

移民对喀喇沁地区民族构成和语言接触模式的形成有重大影响。平泉县移民开始早、规模大,蒙古族村落成为少数孤岛,在边缘孤岛中,蒙古语以蒙古族聚居的自然村为依托,不同程度地得以保存和传承。喀喇沁旗移民开始早,但受土地所有权限制,形成蒙汉杂居模式,程度逐渐加深,兼用、转用彼此的语言成为自然选择,随着汉族人口占优势,汉语替代蒙古语的趋势开始形成。宁城县的移民开始早,由于有清廷的支持和专门开发机构,移民可以大规模地、独立地建村并开发利用当地的土地和山林,居住模式是分离式的,蒙汉民族各保一方,杂居程度较低,蒙古族聚居村落较好地保存了蒙古语。喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县移民及其居住模式深受时局影响,在康熙之前蒙汉自然杂居,乾隆后汉族移民占优势,民国及新中国建立后出现一个调整过程,杂居程度加深,但程度不及喀喇沁旗。在蒙古族聚居的自然村中,蒙古语保留程度比喀喇沁旗好,但不如宁城县。

Han Immigration brought a significant impact on nationality composition and language contact mode formation of Haraqin.The large-scale immigration in Pingquan County began early,which led to the isolation of Mongolian villages and Mongolian was preserved and passed on in various degrees by relying on those villages.Though Han immigration to Haraqin Banner began early,the coexistence pattern of Mongolians and Han nationality came into being under the restrictions of land ownerships.With the progressive contacts of ethnic groups,switching from one language to another in communication turned out to be a natural selection and the trend of Chinese using as an alternative of Mongolian formed gradually under the influence of Han＇s population advantages.Supported by the imperial court of Qing,the early Han settlers to Ningcheng County constructed their independent villages in large scale and explored the local land and forest.The separate living mode helped preserve Mongolian better.Political situation at that time affected the immigrants and residential mode of Left Haraqin Mongolian Autonomous County.Han and Mongolian lived together in small areas before the reign of Emperor Kangxi while Han immigrants pouring into Inner Mongolia grassland after the reign of Emperor Qianlong.Though there was an adjustment process in Left Haraqin Mongolian Autonomous County from the Republic of China to the short period after PRC established,the mixed living pattern still developed lower than the level in Haraqin Banner and the preservation of Mongolian was not as good as Ningcheng County.