德、位张力与先秦儒家的性命之学——对楚简《唐虞之道》第14至29号简的思想解读

Tension between Virtue and Position and Learning of Life of Confucians in Pre-Qin Period——Interpretation of No.14 to 29 Bamboo Slips for Writing in Ways of Tang Yu of Chu Slips

文章系统解读了楚简《唐虞之道》第14至29号简的思想内涵及脉络,认为这部分简文首先通过尧成为天子之原因的追问,突出了德与位的张力问题,即在应然之理上,有位必当有德,但就实然之事看,有德未必有位。简文对这一德位张力有两个层面的解决方案:一方面,要求有德无位者全力修德,谨守性命,安于时命,养成恒常如一的圆满德行,从而能在得位而治时能"利天下而弗利";另一方面,要求有位者透悟性命之正,从而能主动尚德授贤、退而养生,这既能使贤者居位而利天下,又能退而养生以自利。简文将"七十致政"之礼普遍化,试图断绝天子终身制的构想,也具有深刻的政治哲学意义。

This article systematically interprets the connotation and sequence of thought from No.14 to 29 bamboo slips for writing in Ways of Tang Yu of Chu Slips,revealing that by questioning how YAO comes onto the throne,the tension between virtue and position is proposed.In necessity,man in higher position should be virtuous;in reality,it may be not.These slips propose two ways to tackle the problem： on the one hand,virtuous person without higher position should perfect their morality,keep their life,become satisfied with their situation and be constant so that once they come onto power,they can ＂contribute to the world＂;on the other hand,man on higher position should be enlightened,initiatively doing good and awarding the virtuous so that virtuous person on higher position can benefit the world and when resigning they can benefit their own life.These slips believes the ＂ending of political career when reaching 70 years old＂ to stop lifelong ruling of the emperor,which has profound political meaning.