农地制度变迁与农村社会管理

The System Changes of Land Rights and Rural Social Management

农村土地制度是农村基本的经济制度,是乡村治理产生和发展的经济基础。在历史上,每一次土地分配及产权归属的重大变化,最终都引致农村社会结构及组织管理制度的变迁。新中国成立以来,中国共产党通过土地改革赢得农民的认同,重建了农村社会管理体制。随着农村合作化和集体化的发展,建立了高度集权的人民公社体制。家庭联产承包责任制的实行摧毁了人民公社体制的经济基础,村民自治成为基层治理的基本制度。但是,土地流转和人口流动的加剧使农村社会日益开放多元,迫切需要建立新型的乡村治理机制,推动村民自治逐步向新型农村社区自治转型。

As a rural basic economic system, land system is the economic base of the birth and development of rural social management. Historically, each round of major changes in the land distribution and property ownership ultimately led to changes in the rural social structure, organization and management system. Since 1949, Communist Party of China won the recognition of peasants through land reform, reconstructing the rural social management system. With the development of rural cooperative mode and collectivization, a highly-centralized system of people＇ s communes was established. The implementation of household contract responsibility system has destroyed the economic base of the people＇s commune system, and the villagers＇ autonomy became the basic system of grassroots governance. However, the intensification of land circulation and population mobility made the rural society increasingly open and pluralistic, so a new rural governance mechanism is needed to promote the shift from the villagers＇ autonomy to the new rural community autonomy.