从“主题学”到“隐喻学”——在现代德国文学批评语境中求索文学与思想之间的关联

From Topology to Metaphorology:On the Relationship between Literature and Thought in the Context of Modern German Literary Criticism

"文学与思想"之关系难题,古已有之。在现代性语境下,德国早期浪漫主义自觉地凸显了"艺术"与"批评"、"文学"与"思想"、"诗"与"思"之间的巨大张力。库尔提乌斯超越古典罗曼文献学,建构作为一种整体历史视野的"主题学",据以从语言出发恢复并展开精神世界的结构。布鲁门贝格将"主题学"从修辞学和文学史之中解放出来,使之进入哲学人类学的视野,而建构作为基础、导向和范式的"隐喻学"。布鲁门贝格认为,隐喻以理性不能涵盖的方式,回答那些在原则上无法回答的整体问题,而为本质匮乏的人类导向,增益人类的谋生之道。而"绝对隐喻"拒绝退出直观形象,坚执地保护着本源的丰富性,而作为文学与思想之间永恒忠实的媒介。"洞穴"、"沉船",是书写在西方经典之中而流布于人类文化历史之中的两个"绝对隐喻",以否定的修辞吐露了"神话"与"逻各斯"、隐喻和概念之间的盈虚消息。针对文艺复兴以来数百年理性的霸权,布鲁门贝格通过铸造"修辞策略"而坚守神话(感性论)的特权,同时又通过建构"隐喻学"而加固了理性(逻各斯)的根基。

The relationship between literature and thought is a significant problem in the history of ideas from the earlier phases. It is in the age of German Early Romanticism that the strong tension between the artistic and the critical, literature and idea, poetry and thinking is brought to the fore. Attempting to go beyond the limit of the classical Roman Philology, Ernst Robert Curtius, one of the greatest German Philologists, devotes himself to building up a methodology for literary research known as ＂topology＂ with the totally historical perspective on which the intellectual world is enlivened and developed from the origin of human language. Finally, against the several centuries tyranny of Common Reason since Renaisssance, Blumenberg insists upon the priority of Muthos （the ontology of the Aesthetic） through melting the rhetorical strategies, and sieves the ground of rationality （certainty of Logos） through building up metaphorology.