我国土地使用权收回类型化研究

Research on the Categories of Taking Back the Land Use Right in China

土地使用权收回,是我国土地法律体系中一个独特且复杂的概念。目前,无论是行政法学界还是民法学界,对于土地使用权收回的理论基础、种类、性质和适用条件等都缺乏足够关注。通过对我国现行法律和行政、司法实务的梳理发现,客观上存在着"公法上的收回"和"私法上的收回"两种性质不同的土地使用权收回。其中,公法上的收回又可分为征收性收回、处罚性收回、确权性收回三类;私法上的收回又可分为契约性收回和身份性收回两类。不同性质和种类的土地使用权收回生成的理论背景不同,适用条件和范围各不相同,是否补偿和救济途径也有所差异,这些皆需在修改土地管理法等相关法律法规过程中加以明确和细化。

Taking back the land use right is a unique and complicated concept in China＇s land law system.At present,neither administrative law regime nor civil law regime pays attention to the rationale,types,nature or applicable conditions of the land use right in China.After careful deliberation of current law,administrative and judicial practices in China,it is clear that there are two different types of taking back the land use right in China,which are ＂taking back according to public law＂ and ＂taking back according to private law＂.＂Taking back according to public law＂ can be further divided into three categories：taking back according to the expropriation,the punishment and the certification;＂Taking back according to private law＂ can be further divided into taking back according to the contract and the identity.The theoretical backgrounds and applicable conditions and scope of different rights to using land are different,and therefore whether it is necessary to provide remedies for taking back or not should be considered carefully.All these issues should be clarified and refined through amending relevant legislations,such as Land Management Law.