“非人称”范畴的汉语视角

Impersonality from Sinitic Perspectives

语言中普遍存在着主语或施事的显著性受到弱化的"非人称"现象,但这一现象在具体语言中的内在机制和表现形式却不尽相同。注重语法和语义关系的语言一般通过格、一致等形态句法手段来反映非典型主语或施事特征;而注重语用关系的汉语则可在"语用优先"的原则下,形成特殊句子成分排列,从而弱化语法或语义关系特征。汉语的这一特色让我们领略到一种与众不同的"非人称"现象。

Impersonality, in the sense that Subject or Agent Prominence can be diminished, is prevalent among languages. Yet the internal mechanisms and formal realizations are far from identical. For languages which attach much importance to GRs （grammatical relations ） or SRs （semantic roles ）, atypical Subject or Agent properties are generally discernible through case marking, indexation or other morphosyntactic means, but for Sinitic languages, which attach more importance to PRs （pragmatic relations ）, impersonality can be prompted through some pragmatically-oriented constructions, where PRs exceed GRs or SRs in alignment of syntactic constituents. Such characteristics enable us to distinguish some Sinitc types of impersonality from those previously known.