被迫行为的性质及其体系性地位——一个批判性分析

The Nature of Duress and its Status in Criminal System——A Critical Analysis

被迫行为依其法律后果不同可分为三类:无责性被迫行为、免责性被迫行为和减责性被迫行为。其中无责性被迫行为因不是刑法中的行为,无所谓正当与宽恕;免责性被迫行为是可宽恕事由;减责性被迫行为是部分可宽恕事由。我国刑法和大多数大陆法系国家刑法却将免责性被迫行为作为紧急避险的一种亚类型,视为正当化行为。但免责性被迫行为与紧急避险是两种不同性质的排除罪责事由,用紧急避险的原理处理免责性被迫行为,会不当地缩小免责性被迫行为的范围。因此,应将免责性被迫行为从紧急避险中独立出来,将其作为一种独立的阻却责任事由。

Duress can be classified into three categories according to legal effect： duress without responsibility,duress of exempted responsibility and duress of diminished responsibility.Not belonging to behaviors in criminal law,duress without responsibility is neither justifiable nor excusable;duress of exempted responsibility is excusable;duress of diminished responsibility is partially excusable.China＇s criminal law and most of criminal laws in civil law system regard duress of exempted responsibility as a sub-type of necessity,a justified act.However,though both duress of exempted responsibility and necessity are exonerative,they have deferent natures.To apply necessity principle to the treatment of duress of exempted responsibility may inappropriately shrink the applicable scope of duress of exempted responsibility.Therefore,duress of exempted responsibility should be separated from necessity and treated as an independent exonerative excuse.